Below is a note of mine from 1995-November-12, verbatim, including bad spelling. Joerg Arndt -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- consider the map f: [-2,+2] -> [-2,+2], x |-> x^2 - 2 ( i.e. the one at the more interesting end of the feigenbaum diagram, the 'fully chaotic' case ) we are interested in the symbolic dynamics of the variable b derived from the sequence {x_0,x_1,...} ( that is defined by x_{n+1}:=f(x_n), given x_0 ) by d_n:= 1 if x_n<=0 0 else define {b_1,b_2,...}: acos(x_0/2)/Pi =: \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}{2^k * b_k} then ------------------------------------------------------ d_n=1 if b_n!=b_{n-1} =0 if b_n==b_{n-1} ------------------------------------------------------ ( i.e. d_n=1 if there is a change in the bit pattern of acos(x_0/2)/Pi ) hint: recall the formula cos(2u) = 2*cos(u)^2-1 and consider x:=u/2 cf. the C++ program predict.cc the above observation allows us to find a reduced complexity computation of the dynamics of {d_n}: if we want to find the value of some d_N: 1.we normally had to do N squarings of a number with the precision of (proportional to, depending on lyapunov exponent) N bits (=:full_precision). This is at the cost of proportional N N-bit multiplications. 2.now we only need to compute one full_precision acos and watch for the changes in the bit pattern. Using the agm approach this is proportional log(N) N-bit multiplications (?). Note that there must be implied nice & clean formulas for lyapunov exponents, points that in the end remain in one box etc.